Descartes Free Will - 1986 Words

In Meditations on First Philosophy Descartes attempts to explain the cause of errors in human beings. Descartes says that error occurs since the will extends further than the intellect (Descartes p.39). Thats because our intellect is something that is finite; it is limited to the perception of only certain things. Whereas our will, ability to choose is not limited; it is has an infinite capacity. Therefore we sometimes attempt to will things which we do not have a complete understanding of. Descartes argument, as I will briefly describe, is quite sound, if you agree to all his conditions (being that the intellect is limited and the will infinite). I am not, as of yet, sure if I necessarily agree to the later of his two†¦show more content†¦The first aspect I would like to navigate through is the constraints placed on the ability to choose. One does not have the opportunity to choose freely in an organized society, community or institute. There seems to always be a res triction to the actual amount of choices one has. If Descartes was correct in his assumption of complete freedom of choice and will every option would be available to someone at any given time, in any given situation. But this is not necessarily the condition. There are a few different examples that one can view to comprehend this facet of my argument. Take for instance, perhaps an extreme but an occurrence none the less, people born of poverty do not have the ability to choose to acquire certain things. It is impossible simply by the fact that they do not have the means to get it. There is no choice of purchasing a fifty dollar object if all one has is twenty dollars. I feel though that perhaps Descartes was speaking of another free will, a non-materialistic aspect. Another example one can then try to explain is how in many middle eastern nations individuals are born into a society where one religion is forced upon them. They must live to follow this religion or risk outcas t by the community or even death. In such a decision one does not have the opportunity to choose to not follow the religion because, although it may seem available, most choices against the norm bring with them an extreme consequences.Show MoreRelated The Free Will in Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes3767 Words   |  16 PagesThe Free Will in Meditations on First Philosophy by Descartes I In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes takes the reader through a methodological exercise in philosophical enquiry. After stripping the intellect of all doubtful and false beliefs, he re-examines the nature and structure of being in an attempt to secure a universally valid epistemology free from skepticism. Hoping for the successful reconciliation of science and theology, Descartes works to reconstruct a new foundationRead MoreThe Question of Free Will: Descartes, Hume, and Nietzsche Essay2067 Words   |  9 Pagesnecessity and acting on one’s own discretions, free will still enamors debates today, as it did in the past with philosophers Nietzsche, Descartes, and Hume. There are two strong opposing views on the topic, one being determinism and the other â€Å"free will†. Determinism, or the belief a person lacks free will and all events including human actions are determined by forces outside the will of an individual contrasts the entire premise of free will. R ene Descartes formulates his philosophical work throughRead MoreDescartes s Meditations On First Philosophy1295 Words   |  6 Pagesback for centuries, millennia even. Over the years, many great thinkers have struggled to either defend or discredit this belief, a belief that has managed to spread to every corner of the globe. 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Second, if God created him, God is responsible for hisRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Descartes Meditations1698 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Meditations is said to be the beginning of Western Philosophy. His writings are still greatly referred to to this day, and he is most famous for his quote â€Å"cogito ergo sum† which translates to â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† Each of Descartes’ meditations are followed by objections from other theologists and philosophers, and thereon followed by replies from Descartes. Some objections are made stronger than others, for example, Thomas Hobbes, and it could be doubted whether or not DescartesRead MoreDescartes Meditations Is The Beginning Of Western Philosophy1690 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Meditations is the beginning of Western Philosophy. His writings as still greatly referred to to this day, and he is most famous for his quote â€Å"cogito ergo sum† which translates to â€Å"I think, therefore I am.† Each of Descartes’ Meditations is followed by objections from other theologists and philosophers, and thereon followed by replies from Descartes. Some objections are made stronger than others, for example, Thomas Hobbes, and it could be doubted whether or not Descartes truly was ableRead MoreEssay about Rene Descartes Faith and Reason1292 Words   |  6 PagesRene Descartes Faith and Reason The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed a colossal transition in the scientific view of the universe. During this period a profound rethinking of scientific theory as well as moral and religious matters took place. Traditional ideas were reconsidered by religious thinkers. Philosophers began applying rational scientific thought to problems that they considered. The main concept of the Scientific Revolution was to question everything. The ScientificRead MoreEssay on Descartes vs Locke1257 Words   |  6 Pageslargely by experience, observation, and sensory perception. Renà © Descartes and John Locke, both seventeenth century philosophers, are often seen as two of the first early modern philosophers. Both Descartes and Locke attempt to find answers to the same questions in metaphysics and epistemology; among these: What is knowledge? Is there certainty in knowledge? What roles do the mind and body play in the acquisition of knowledge? Descartes and Locke do not provide the same answers to these questions. InRead More The Meditations by Rene Descartes1003 Words   |  5 PagesIn Descartes’ Meditations, his goal to prove the existence of things could only be accomplished if he was logical, clear, and correct in his thoughts and writings. The most important issues he noted were the threat of being deceived and the potential of being incorrect in his judgments, both of which would lead him into error. Error exists as a problem that individuals encounter on a regular basis, and it also exists as a focal point in Descartes’ Meditations. Descartes defines error as â€Å"a privationRead MoreDescartes And Spinoza On The Freedom Of Human Will904 Words   |  4 Pagesour own decisions and judgements or is our will powerless and our actions and decisions are predetermined by prior causes? Well, there are two philosophers named Descartes and Spinoza that have had some disagreements about the human will and will give you their accounts about why their argument is stronger than the other. Descartes account of the will starts from the very nature of the will. The nature of will is given from God to give or withhold assent; to act on desires. When the will and

General Information By Kathleen T. Williams - 1066 Words

General Information Published in 2007 by Kathleen T. Williams, in conjunction with Pearson Assessment, the Expressive Vocabulary Test, Second Edition (EVT-2) is considered an individually administered, norm-referenced vocabulary assessment (Williams, 2007). The EVT-2 is the second edition of the original Expressive Vocabulary Test by Kathleen T. Williams. As the updated version of the original Expressive Vocabulary Test, the EVT-2 includes new features such as a â€Å"second, parallel form for examiners to test and retest to monitor growth and evaluate response to intervention, full-color illustrations that are larger than the illustrations of its predecessor, additional labeling items for a smoother transition into the synonym task and provide a broader sampling of vocabulary for older examinees† (Williams, 2007). According to the publisher, the EVT-2 is available for various settings, however, currently it is only available in the English language (Williams, 2007). In order to accommodate for those who may have special needs (i.e., the hearing-or vision-impaired), the EVT-2 manual provides suggested adaptations that will allow that population to participate in the assessment. In order to access the complete EVT-2 kit for assessment purposes, it will cost the purchaser USD $419 if they choose to purchase through the Pearson publishing company. This complete kit includes the manual, administration easels, 25 record forms for Form A and B, as well as a carrying bag (Williams,Show MoreRelatedObesity : The Fight Against Obesity1425 Words   |  6 PagesOBESITY ENG 122 English Composition II Eunice Williams Ashford University Instructor: Matthew Fox October 6, 2014 While for many feel that obesity is a personal and must be fought in secret with no involvement of anyone else, many will disagree with that because obesity affects every tax payer and impair a community as a whole. 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Administration of Roman Empire During Augustus Reign free essay sample

Augustus developed a new administration for the empire in three different levels: those in Rome, Italy, and the provinces. Besides from being emperor, Augustus acquired multiple titles and offices that conferred on him the ultimate leadership of the Roman Empire while maintaining the trappings of the Republic. The office of imperator gave him full authority over the Roman legions. The title of â€Å"Princeps† acknowledged his position as first citizen and first among equals with members of the Roman Senate. He shared pro-consular power with the Senate, giving him governing authority of various provinces and direct command of the legions in them. He also had greater pro-consular power, which gave him authority over all other governors in the provinces that he did not directly control. Tribunician power granted him the authority of the tribune, giving him the right to call assemblies, the right of veto power, and the right to appeal to citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Administration of Roman Empire During Augustus Reign or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consular power granted Augustus the power to call the Senate and chair meetings and also gave him vast legal and administrative powers. Upon taking all these offices, Augustus effectively replaced what had previously been delegated to single magistrate under the Republic. Augustus wanted to ensure to rebuilt the empire and leave it as a strong and legendary empire after his time. He transformed Rome in various ways. The administrative structures of the capital had become outdated and Augustus adjusted them drastically to suit the new realities. Augustus assured to restore and complete monuments that were either left damaged or incomplete, â€Å"and through the creation of new works symbolizing the grandeur of the regime and celebrating the Pax Augusta, Augustus aimed to make Rome the most beautiful city in the world†. Monuments depicted visually what Augustan poetry worshiped in words, all providing all with a material imagery of imperial ideology. Augustus paid special attention to four areas of the capital: the Roman Forum, the Forum of Augustus, the Campus Martius, and the Palatine. He also accomplished many major road projects, in order to create easy access to and from Rome and center it in the middle of the Empire. â€Å"In 7 BCE, he divided the urban territory into fourteen districts (regions), each in the charge of a magistrate chosen by lot from the praetors, tribunes of plebs and aediles. These districts were themselves divided (in total) into 265 quarters (vici)†. All the divisions and the entire administration of the capital came under senatorial rank. Italy, in a similar manner, was divided into eleven regions. It was divided for several reasons, undoubtedly for fiscal purposes and voting at their place of origin. Italy consisted of a large population ranging from five to eight million people, and it shared a similar administration as Rome, simply on a larger scale. Italy transitioned easily, but a different approach was taken in regards to the provinces outside of Italy. Indifferent to (rather than respectful of) indigenous traditions, Augustan governors also realized that a strict enforcement of conformity to Roman social structures might pressure provincials into undesirable reactions†. Therefore, the administrators established themselves in the administrative and social organizations that preexisted, however, they gradually exploited and shaped the organizations in order to suit Roman interests. In senatorial provinces, the Senate chose the governors. Meanwhile, the emperor chose the governors of the imperial provinces. Augustus changed the administration of the entire empire. He first became emperor and obtained many titles and powers. He placed many administrators in charge of all the Roman provinces as well as in Rome and Italy. Augustus placed much on restoring and creating new public works in Rome, such as, monuments, buildings, and roads. Augustus made many positive changes in order to leave a legendary city of Rome as well as a legendary empire. Works Cited 1. Le, Glay Marcel. , Jean-Louis Voisin, Bohec Yann. Le, and David Cherry. A History of Rome. Chichester, West Sussex, U. K. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 237-238. Print. [ 1 ]. Le, Glay Marcel. Jean-Louis Voisin, Bohec Yann. Le, and David Cherry. A History of Rome. Chichester, West Sussex, U. K. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 237. Print. [ 2 ]. Le, Glay Marcel. , Jean-Louis Voisin, Bohec Yann. Le, and David Cherry. A History of Rome. Chichester, West Sussex, U. K. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 238. Print. [ 3 ]. Le, Glay Marcel. , Jean-Louis Voisin, Bohec Yann. Le, and David Cherry. A History of Rome. Chichest er, West Sussex, U. K. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 238. Print. [ 4 ]. Le, Glay Marcel. , Jean-Louis Voisin, Bohec Yann. Le, and David Cherry. A History of Rome. Chichester, West Sussex, U. K. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 237. Print.

The Role of the Financial Manager

Nokia Corporation used to be one of the key leaders in the international market of mobile devices. Nokia is well-known for the superior quality of its mobile devices and navigation products. The company develops and supplies cell phones and smartphones, mobile computers and applications, as well as Internet services like music and messaging (Yahoo Finance, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Financial Manager – Nokia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nokia’s current financial profile is not very attractive: the company failed to retain its leadership in the smartphone market and has almost lost its smartphone business (Butcher, 2010). The company is fighting to restore its position in the financial market, and the price of its shares slowly increases. Whether or not Nokia manages to improve its strategic and financial position depends on the quality and efficiency of the new CEOâ⠂¬â„¢s decisions and actions. Nokia, one of the leaders in the international market of mobile devices, is currently listed on the Frankfurt, Helsinki, and New York Stock Exchanges (Nokia, 2011). The latest closing data for the NYSE shows that the price of Nokia’s shares does not exceed $6.02 (Nokia, 2011; Yahoo Finance, 2011). The 52-week range for Nokia is $5.81-11.75, and it is possible to assume that Nokia is currently near the bottom of its financial performance (Yahoo Finance, 2011). The company was able to improve its financial position in the NYSE, but its corporate future does not look very bright. The company is facing numerous strategic issues. At the end of May, Nokia announced that it would not be able to make any profits on phone sales (Arthur, 2011). The company feels too weak against its competitors, Google and Apple: the former sells millions of cell phones with Android operating system, whereas the latter has turned its iPhone into the source of unprecedented profits (Arthur, 2011). The popularity of Nokia products in Europe and China is decreasing because of price (Arthur, 2011). Whether or not Nokia manages to improve its financial position depends upon the quality and efficiency of the new CEO’s strategic decisions. At the end of 2010, Nokia decided to replace its CEO Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo with Stephen Elop, who used to be the head of a business division at Microsoft (Butcher, 2010). Today, Elop is Nokia’s CEO (Nokia, 2011). Before Elop became the new Nokia’s CEO, he said that his main task was to lead the company through the period of change (Butcher, 2010). Elop was confident that superior financial performance was one of his main professional goals (Butcher, 2010). Little has changed since then: the company is losing its customers and cannot retain its position in the mobile devices market.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company lost nearly 33% in stock prices over the last year (Yahoo Finance, 2011). Its payout ratio is 63.00% and its return on equity is 8.80% (Yahoo Finance, 2011). Apparently, Nokia is in the dire straits of the mobile devices business and needs an entirely new strategy to improve and capitalize its market position. Compared to 2010, investors holding Nokia’s shares have lost nearly 18%. Nokia hopes that its new CEO will give an impetus to the company’s movement towards new strategic highs. Obviously, the company needs a major move to remain competitive in the technological age. Positive changes in stock prices suggest that Nokia has a chance to revive itself against its competitors, but to make it happen, Nokia needs an entirely new strategic vision, mission, and direction. Years may pass before Nokia restores its position in the international mobile and cell phone industry. Until then, all Nokia can do is to fight with the ghost mills of its former popularity, while other technological giants are developing and selling brand new products. References Arthur, C. (2011). Nokia shares dive after sales warning. The Guardian. Web. Butcher, M. (2010). Nokia’s new CEO has a mobile mountain to climb. Tech Crunch. Web. Nokia. (2011). Investors resources. Nokia. Web. Yahoo Finance. (2011). Nokia Corporation. Yahoo Finance. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Financial Manager – Nokia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on The Role of the Financial Manager – Nokia was written and submitted by user Rockslide to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The Role of the Financial Manager